"History of Pottery and Porcelain." History World. "Are Your Glazes Food Safe or are They Leachable?" "A Brief History of the Pottery Industry." "Types of Firing: Oxidation, Reduction, Salt, Wood, Raku." Arizona State University, Herberger College of the Arts.Unglazed areas of the clay become black from the carbon in the burning fuel, and when the carbon is scrubbed off, a bright metallic finish is revealed. After it cools, the piece is immersed in cold water, creating a crackle effect. Raku pottery is heated until it's glowing, and then pulled with tongs out of the kiln. Raku kilns are another type of specialty kiln that yields a specific finish. This glaze also ends up all over the kiln, which can decrease its lifespan. The heat puts the salt through a chemical reaction that leaves a residue glaze resembling an orange peel. This happens when salt is introduced during the final stage of firing. Salt kilns, also known as soda kilns, produce a bumpy glaze that's most commonly found on stoneware pieces. There are also a couple types of specialized kilns that produce specific surface results. Many potters feel that the unique results are worth the extra work.
The kiln creates its own glaze when the wood ash lands on the pieces as they're firing.
A wood kiln firing can take three times as long as it would in an electric or gas kiln, and it needs to be monitored the whole time. They're very labor-intensive because they need constant stoking and re-fueling of the fire to keep the wood at consistently high temperatures. Wood kilns are fueled by wood and have been used for thousands of years in pottery. It's difficult to maintain consistency, so gas kilns are most ideal for one-of-a-kind creations. Reduction firing results can be unpredictable, but typically yields rich, earthy colors. Gas kilns run on natural gas and fire in reduction, which doesn't allow oxygen in during firing. This control is important for a potter who wants to replicate their work. These kilns always fire in oxidation, meaning there's oxygen present in a completely controlled environment, which yields consistent results with glazes. They're comparatively inexpensive, and small ones can plug directly into a 120-Volt wall socket, making them accessible to small pottery operations. Electric kilns are probably the most common type of kiln used in ceramics.
The three most common types of kilns are electric, gas and wood.
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